 The United Nations has designated the 1980s as the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanittaion Decade. Its goal is to provide two of the most fundamental human needs – safe water and sanitary disposal of human wastes-to all people. Since 1976, Bank staff and researchers from various countries have been analyzing the economic, environmental, health, and sociological effects of various technologies to identify the most appropriate systems for the needs and resources of different areas. The research has included field investigations in nineteen countries.
This book, the third volume of the series, addresses the public health, microbiological and parasitological aspects of sanitation. In all countries, public health is of central importance in the design and implementation of excreta disposal projects, and better health is the main social and economic benefit that planners and economists hope to realize by investing in excreta disposal systems. To achieve this gain, as much information as possible is needed about the interaction of excreta and health-information concerning not only broad epidemiological issues of disease prevention through improved excreta disposal, but also the effect of particular excreta disposal and reuse technologies on the survival and dissemination of particular pathogens. Contents: Tables and Figures
Preface
Acronyms and Abbreviations Part One. The Health Hazards of Excreta: Theory and Control
1. Elements and Health Risks of Excreta and Wastewater
2. Environmental Classification of Excreta related Infections
3. The Risks of Excreta to Public Health
4. Detection, Survival and Removal of Pathogens in the Environment
5. Health Aspects of Excreta and Night Soil Systems
6. Health Aspects of Sewage Systems
7. Reuse of Excreta and Discharge
8. The Human Element in Sanitation Systems Part Two. Environmental Biology and Epidemiology of Specific Excreted Pathogens Section I. Excreted Viruses
9. Enteroviruses, Poliomyelitis, and Similar Viral Infections
10. Hepatitis A Virus and Infections Hepatitis
11. Rotavirus and Viral Gastroenteritis Section II. Excreted Bacteria
12. Campylobacter and Campylobacter Enteritis
13. Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Escherichia coli and Other Bacterial Indicators of Fecal Pollution
14. Leptospira and Leptospirosis
15. Salmonella, Enteric Fevers, and Salmonelloses
16. Shigella and Shigellosis
17. Vibrio cholerae and Cholera
18. Yersinia and Yersiniosis Section III. Excreted Protozoa
19. Balantidium and Balatidiasis
20. Entamoeba histolytica and Amebiasis
21. Giardia and Giardiasis Section IV. Excreted Helminths
22. Ancylostoma, Necator, and Ancylostomiasis
23. Ascaris and Ascariasis
24. Clonorchis and Clonorchiasis
25. Diphyllobothrium and Diphyllobothriasis
26. Enterobius and Enterobiasis
27. Fascio;a and Fascioliasis
28. Fasciolopsis and Fasciolopsiasis
29. Hymenolepis and Hymenolepiasis
30. Minor Intestinal Flukes and Infections They Cause
31. Paragonimus and Paragonimiasis
32. Schistosoma and Schistosomiasis
33. Strongyloides and Strongyloidiasis
34. Taenia, Taeniasis, and Cysticercosis
35. Trichuris and Trichuriasis Section V. Insects and Excreta
36. Culex pipiens Mosquitoes and the Transmission of Bancroftian Filariasis
37. Flies, Cockroaches, and Excreta
Post Date : 06 Juli 2009
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